I recently read a fascinating book by Cambridge University zoologist Dr. Arik Kershenbaum called The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy: What Animals on Earth Reveal About Aliens—and Ourselves. I totally ...

About 500 million years ago, not a single creature had a skull. Over time, these bony plates evolved into the structural marvels that vertebrates—animals with spinal cords, aka you, me, and your pug, ...