Bilevel optimisation is a hierarchical framework involving two interdependent decision-making problems, where the solution of the lower-level problem constrains and influences the upper-level ...

Expensive optimization problem (EOP) refers to the problem that requires expensive or even unaffordable costs to evaluate candidate solutions, which widely exist in many significant real-world ...

Amit Saha does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...