Gradient refractive index (GRIN) optics represent a transformative approach in optical design whereby the refractive index varies continuously within a material rather than remaining uniform. This ...

Utilizing Index of Refraction Monitors in Biopharmaceutical Downstream Processing and Purification When the FDA published the 2003 document, “Pharmaceutical Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs ...

Recent experiments that demonstrate the negative refraction of light could bring a heated scientific debate to a close, and give negative-index materials a positive future Figure 1: Negative-index ...

The original goal was to investigate biological samples on a molecular scale – but this soon led to stubborn technical problems. Eventually, however, the researchers realized that the very source of ...