This paper examines the effects of systematic and random errors in recall and of selection bias in case–control studies of mobile phone use and cancer. These sensitivity analyses are based on ...

Figure 1 shows that individual measurement values hover around a mean value and the difference between the mean value and true value is the systematic error of ...

Skeptics who still doubt anthropogenic climate change have now been stripped of one of their last-ditch arguments: It is true that there has been a warming hiatus and that the surface of Earth has ...

Developing a method is an important part of planning an investigation. In an experiment, evaluate the validity of the steps leading up to the conclusion for it to be valid. Random and systematic ...

Systematic error is a series of errors in accuracy that are consistent in a certain direction, or over time. In general, systematic errors cause a bias in ...

When gathering a measurement using a spectroscopy instrument, the user wants to be confident in the result. Whether the technique is OES, XRF, or LIBS, or if thickness or composition are measured, the ...