Haematoxylin and Eosin stained photomicrographs of (a) normal breast tissue section with lobules containing dark blue-stained acini nuclei (black arrow), separated by denser collagen fibers, compared ...

Histopathology is the gold standard in cancer diagnosis. However, attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has shown diagnostic potential in other settings.

Metaplastic breast carcinoma, a rare entity (<1% of breast neoplasms), lacks comprehensive spectroscopic characterization. This study aimed to address this gap by providing a qualitative and ...