Abstract: This brief presents the application of perimeter-gated single-photon avalanche diodes (pg-SPADs) as true random number generators (TRNGs). Typical SPADs have been used as random number ...

More than 100 years ago Hungarian-born mathematician George Pólya found himself trapped in a loop of social awkwardness. A professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, he enjoyed ...

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Abstract: Vortex electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum have been widely studied in many fields because of their unique helical phase structure. The vortex electromagnetic waves can ...